Bacteria Outline essays

Bacteria Outline essays - Oldest, structurally simplest, most abundant forms of life - Only organism with prokaryotic cellular organization - The only members of the kingdom Monera (4800 different kinds) - Characteristics change depending on growth conditions - Maintenance of life depends on them - play vital role of productivity and as decomposers - Capable of fixing atmospheric N for use by other organisms - Used in production and fermentation of various food and as antibiotics and is being tested for - All bacteria fundamentally single celled - Sometimes cells adhere within a matrix to form filaments - Activities of bacterial colonies less integrated and coordinated than in multicellular eukaryotes Cell Size 10x size of bacteria 1 micrometer (Ã §m) diameter Chromosomes Membrane bound nucleus w/ chromosomes w/ nucleic acid Cell Division and Genetic Remcombination Mitosis involving microtubules Sexual reproduction - meiosis/syngamy Binary fusion Lack of sexual reproduction - no equal participation Internal Compartementalization Respirational enzymes packed into mitochondria Corresponding enzymes bound to cell membranes Cytoplasm - no internal compartments/organelles (except ribosomes) Flagella Complex 9+2 structure of microtubules (whip-like motion) Simple w/ a single fiber protein flagellin Autotrophic Diversity Enzymes for photosyn. Packed in membrane-bound organelles (plastids) Only 1 type of photo. - release of O2 Enzymes bound to cell membrane Several patterns of aerobic/anaerobic photo. w/ formation of S, O, sulfate Chemosynthesis - process where certain bacteria obtain energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds and obtain C from CO2 - Lypopolysaccharide - polysaccharide chain with lipids attached - Molecules of it deposited over layer of gram positive - forming outer membrane - Makes gram negative bacteri...

Public Policy Essays

Public Policy Essays Public Policy Essay Public Policy Essay Johnson, R. W. , ; Joyce, P. G. (2008) Public budgeting systems (8th ed. ). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Schuster II, W. Michael 2010 For the Greater Good: The Use of Public Policy Considerations in Confirming Plans of Reorganization New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing, LLC Williams, Cathy The Georgia Public Policy foundation retrieved from gppf. org/ on June 5, 2011

Crowd-funding web sites are growing rapidly and have become one of the Essay

Crowd-funding web sites are growing rapidly and have become one of the newest ways of raising funds for various purposes - Essay Example Examples of these websites include: Kickstarter which finances creative projects, IndieGoGo which finances a wide range of ideas and new startups and rocket hub. Discussion The above three crowd-funding are elaborated here: Kickstarter: This is a financial site for inventive projects ranging from games, films as well as music  to art, technology and design. In this avenue each project creator is solely setting his project's financial support goal and deadline (Holden & Finlayson 2005).  If the project is liked by the people, they can guarantee money to facilitate it happen.  Given the project does well  in achievement its backing goal, every backer credit card is charged  on expiry of the time whereas if it fails to achieve its goal no one is charged thus funding in site is all-or-nothing. All items on Kickstarter have to be projected with clear goals and deliverables because it does not allow charity, cause or fund me projects. As (Huzel & Huang 1992) argues, Backers of th ese projects come from its fans and friends and also from blogs, Press, Facebook, Twitter, and Kickstarter itself. A sponsor of these projects obtains a close look at the creative process, and thus ensures that project comes to life. They can select from a range of distinctive rewards given by the project initiator which range from a copy of whatever is being produced e.g. a DVD, CD, book or a skill unique to that project. 100% ownership of the project remains with the creators. For successfully funded projects Kickstarter charges a 5% fee to the finances collected. Processing fees for US-based project done Amazon payments and those for non-US ones done through a third-party payment processor amount to 3-5% (Lawton & Marom 2013). Indiegogo: This  is a multinational  crowd-funding  website whose main aim is to help individuals raise money for their personal projects. It has the same layout as Kickstarter though one can start any project even charity donations (Maguire 2012). Th e flexible funding plan has been developed to help backers receive the money even if the project fails to reach its funding goal though a higher fee charges are levied for this. Its founders are: Danae Ringelmann, Slava Rubin, and Eric Schell in the year 2008. The web site's structure gives users an interface to do the following: create their own page for funding campaigns, set up a  PayPal account, draft "perks" for various levels of engagements and then publicize it in the social media like  Twitter, Facebook and other similar platforms. Indiegogo charges a levy of 4% for every fund raised, and a 3% fee for credit card processing, plus an extra $25 wire fee to non-U.S campaigns (Rauf 2014). In case members had applied for the Flexible Funding plan and the campaign fails to attain its goal, Indiegogo charges 9% of the fund, but all the same get to take the outstanding balance away. Unlike other similar websites e.g.  Kickstarter, Indiegogo releases the money immediately, when the donations are collected via the user's PayPal accounts (Neiss, Best & Cassady-Dorion 2013). Indiegogo also gives a straight credit card settlement acceptance via their portal. Those contributions are given up to the second week after the completion of a campaign.

Evidence Based Practice amongst Physiotherapists. Attitudes, Essay

Evidence Based Practice amongst Physiotherapists. Attitudes, Knowledge, and Barriers - Essay Example Moreover, they consider reading of research literature as an important activity in their profession. But it is pointed out that there are some barriers which keep them away from reading research journals. In the concluding part, Kamwendo points out: â€Å"A cultural change within the profession, allowing more time for reading and discussing research reports should be encouraged.†(Kamwendo K, 2002) effective changes can be implemented in physiotherapy by allowing more time for reading and discussing research reports. Most of the Swedish physiotherapists like to read journals and other works in their own language. This prevents them to exploit the positive sides of EBP, because most of the journals published on EBP are in English. To conclude, it is important that most of the Swedish physiotherapists value EBP and research in physiotherapy. The research conducted by Diane U Jette, Kimberly Bacon, Cheryl Batty, Melissa Carlson, Amanda Ferland, Richard D Hemingway, Jessica C Hill, Laura Ogilvie and Danielle Volk, namely ‘Evidence-Based Practice: Beliefs, Attitudes, Knowledge, and Behaviors of Physical Therapists’, states that the physical therapist members of American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) strongly supports the Evidence Based Practice (EBP) in their field. The hypothesis points out the close relation between quality and individual practice characteristics of physiotherapists. The respondents supported the importance of evidence in practice because they like to rely upon evidence than theory. The theories are applicable for the general field of medical care. But when it is applied to physiotherapy, practitioner had to consider so many individual factors related to the patient. Rich literature in EBP helps physiotherapists to provide better patient care. It is a fact that younger and recently lic ensed practitioners rely on research works and EBP to improve their skills. Furthermore, most of the

The Anti-Federalists Objections to the Constitution Essay

The Anti-Federalists Objections to the Constitution - Essay Example The Anti-federalists believed that the power of the government should be concentrated in the legislature since it was the most democratic branch. They maintained that such a government offered the United States citizens the best protection for their essential rights. The Anti-federalist argued that the only way to ensure there existed democracy was through the allocation of power through particular texts. Therefore, they feared that the constitution that was being endorsed by the federalists delegated excess powers to the central government instead of these powers going to the states. They also pointed out that there was allocation of more authority to the judiciary and executive at the expense of the congress. It was explicitly clear in their minds that the federalists and their supporters were threatening the freedoms that Americans had defended against the Britain. Brutus incorporated these ideas into his attack against the proposed constitution. He suggests that a large republic would not succeed in a large country like the United States since it comprises of citizens who are diverse in many ways. According to him, such diversity would interfere with the operations and smooth running of the central government since many opinions and ideas would clash. Brutus believes that a republic can work in a small society like a state (Storing 37). Brutus also argued that the liberties of the US citizens were in danger since the federal government was being given a lot of powers that can be misused for personal gains. He gave examples of Britain and Rome where power had been misused and advised Americans not to follow the same trend. The freedom of the commonwealth was denied and their constitution overturned by their strong army which had been given powers. Julius Cesar who was appointed to lead the command capitalized on the loopholes in the constitution and changed it from a free republic into despotism. He also pointed out that the fear from a large standing army w as that the rulers may use them to promote their personal ambitions. They could also overturn the governments’ constitutional powers and gain their own powers to enable them dictate the US people. Brutus and other Anti-federalists advocates looked at themselves as the defenders of a self government that was going to offer outstanding leadership to the people of America. They supported leadership in small republics or the states with the rulers accessing limited powers that can not be misused. By giving examples of Rome and Britain where power had been misused, Brutus wanted the Federalists to learn from other countries and make adequate changes to the constitution. James Madison opposed the objections from the Anti-federalists by arguing that the government had to be designed to stop the politicians and the people from using it for their own selfish gains. He had contributed immensely to the constitution and this is why he countered the objections from the Anti-federalists st rongly. Among the many common features in the constitution was the idea of a balanced government system where the national authority was limited and reserving definite powers to the people through the local government. Madison also made other key contributions to the constitution such as the creation of a national legislature and the national chief executive. His strongest argument in support for the constitution was that, it had come up with a strong government capable of controlling the

Chemistry Essays Ethanoic Acid

Chemistry Essays Ethanoic Acid The characteristic smell of vinegar comes from the inclusion of ethanoic acid. The characteristic smell of vinegar comes from the inclusion of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH), also known as acetic acid.   However, unless pure distilled vinegar is purchased, with a guaranteed and stated composition, there are other acids present in vinegar.   These include: citric acid HOOCCh1C(OH)(COOH)Ch1COOH), malic acid (2-hydroxybutanedioic acid)   HOOCCH(OH)Ch1COOH lactic acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid) CH3CH(OH)COOH tartaric acid – (CHOH)2(COOH)2 For the purposes of this investigation the most volatile acid – ethanoic acid, is taken to be a measure of the acidity.   An attempt will be made to purify the vinegar so that it is mainly the ethanoic acid that is contributing the acidic content, but this cannot be guaranteed.   Vinegars chosen will be malt vinegar (A), red wine vinegar (B) and cider vinegar (C). Stage 1 – removing the colour from the vinegar Materials required 100cm3 of Vinegar samples A to C. 3 volumetric flasks, labelled A to C (250 cm3) 3 conical flasks, labelled A to C (250 cm3) Activated charcoal Metal spatula Glass stirring rod Filtration funnel Filter paper Method Place vinegar samples A in volumetric flask A and add 1 spatula measure of activated charcoal.   Stir well using clean glass rod.   Filter resulting mixture through filter paper and funnel into conical flask labelled A. Repeat using vinegar sample B with flasks labelled B; Likewise sample C. Note that the filtration process may need to be repeated if colour remains in the vinegar.   If charcoal is not fully removed from mixture then suction filtration may be required. Stage 2 – distilling the vinegar Due to the presence of other acids and additive to the vinegar the mixture needs to be distilled to purify the mixture to ethanoic acid and water. Materials required Distillation column and separating funnel Pear shaped flask Conical Flasks A to C from stage 1 Anti bumping granules Bunsen burner Heatproof mat Clamp and stand Goggles Ice bath Universal indicator paper Pippette Method Add filtered vinegar sample A to a pear shaped flask and set up distillation column above Bunsen, using clamp and stand.   Ensure all gaps are well sealed. Wash conical flask A with distilled water and use for collection of distillate Arrange column so that distillate drips into conical flask A, placed in ice bath. Gently heat mixture in pear shaped flask until distillate begins to collect in conical flask.   Test to see when all volatile acid has been distilled by placing drops of distillate onto universal indicator and checking pH colour. When pH registers over 7 cease heating. Repeat using vinegar samples B and C using clean apparatus. Stage 3 – determining the concentration of ethanoic acid Option A chromatography Materials Filter paper with pencil line drawn 2cm from bottom edge and pencil spots marked and labelled at 2 cm intervals along it Samples of ethanoic acid of known concentration eg 0.01 mol/dm3, 0.1 mol/dm3 and 0.05 mol/dm3 Glass beaker Vinegar samples A to C Glass pipette Water tweezers Bromocresol green indicator solution Household plant spray bottle gogglesMethod Place spots of known concentration ethanoic acid on each of the labelled pencil spots on the filter paper.   Place spots of vinegar samples A to C on remaining spots.   Place chromatogram in beaker with water up to 1 cm, ie below pencil line. Leave until water has spread  ¾ up filter paper.   Remove with tweezers and leave to dry. When dry spray with bromocresol green solution from household plant spray bottle until paper is damp but not sopping.   Dry chromatogram. Compare colour of indicator of samples A to C to known concentrations of CH3COOH, the one closest in colour would represent the actual concentration.This m ethod would not be chosen in the final experiment, as there is a lot of subjectivity to comparing the colours.   Also the technique of spraying the chromatogram is not easy to master. Option B – titration using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Equations and scientific calculation methodology Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) is a weak acid , which only dissociates partially in solution with water.   As an acid CH3COOH donates protons, which are accepted by water in solution to form the hydroxyonium ion: CH3COOH (aq) + h10(l) ↔ CH3COO-(aq) = H30+(aq) Sodium hydroxide is a strong base, so it dissociates fully in water: NaOH(aq) {+ h10 }↔ Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) {+ h10} Note, that the water is effectively unchanged by the NaOH as the strong base dissociating causes an excess of OH-, which would shift the normal water dissociation equilibrium h10 ↔ H+ + OH- to the left. When titrated 1 mol of CH3COOH would react with 1 mol of NaOH in a neutralisation reaction to form the salt and water: NaOH (aq) + CH3COOH(aq) ↔ CH3COONa (aq) + h1O(l) Therefore if a known amount of a known concentration of NaOH is used to titrate a known volume of vinegar, the concentration of ethanoic acid in the vinegar could be calculated as shown in the example below: Molarity of solution x volume of solution = number of mols used. If 23ml of NaOH is used to titrate 20ml of vinegar and Molarity x volume / 1000 = no of mols used 1 x 23/1000 = 0.023mols of NaOH used to neutralise 20ml vinegar As 1 mol of NaOH is needed to neutralise 1 mol of CH3COOH then 20ml of the vinegar solution must also contain 0.023mols of CH3COOH. Using molarity x volume /1000 = no of mols used with the data that is known: Molarity x 20 / 1000 = 0.023 0.023 x 1000 = molarity x 20 0.023 x 1000 / 20 = molarity = 1.15M Therefore the vinegar is of concentration 1.15M.However, it is known however that vinegar contains around 5% ethanoic acid in water.   Therefore it can be assumed that the concentration of ethanoic acid would be closer to 0.1 mol/dm3 than 1mol/dm3.   As 1mol of CH3COOH neutralises 1 mol of NaOH, it would therefore be sensible to use NaOH of 0.1 mol/dm3. Part i – standardisation of alkali NaOH solution left for any length of time includes gases that have diffused in from the air.   Therefore, in order to be certain that the concentration is precise the alkali should be newly mixed immediately prior to use. Materials Sodium hydroxide (solid) Distilled water Measuring cylinder Glass stirring rod Metal spatula volumetric flask (1000 cm3) Method As NaOH has a molar mass of 40g/mol to make a 0.1 mol/dm3 solution 2.0g of NaOH(s) should be dissolved in 500ml distilled water in a volumetric flask and stirred until dissolved.   Part ii titration of ethanoic acid with NaOH Materials Burette White tile Clamp and stand Funnel Conical flask (250cm3) Volumetric flask (250cm3) Phenolphthalein indicator solution Phenol red indicator 0.1M NaOH solution Vinegar samples A to C Method Fill clean burette with 0.1M NaOH solution. Place 10cm3 of vinegar sample A in conical flask with a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Add NaOH to vinegar sample slowly, swirling flask to ensure mixing.   Phenolphthalein will turn from colourless to pink at the equivalence point (the point at which the amount of moles of one reactant is just enough to react exactly with the measured amount of the other reactant) as there would be the same amount of NaOH and CH3COOH present in the flask, leading to a neutralisation reaction, as explained above.   It will be assumed for this experiment that the end point and equivalence point are the same. The experiment would be repeated with vinegar samples B and C.   The experiment would also be repeated using phenol red as an indicator.   This would be expected to change from yellow to red at the equivalence point . The amount of 0.1M NaOH used could be used to calculate the concentration of ethanoic acid in each of the samples, via t he equation: Molarity x volume / 1000 = no of mols used Risk assessment and safety – chemicals NaOH is an irritant and can cause burns.   Ethanoic acid is a corrosive agent.   Phenolphthalein is an irritant and can cause burns. Goggles and protective clothing should be worn throughout.   If chemical comes into contact with the skin the area should be washed with plenty of clean running water.   If a large area of skin is affected or skin shows signs of burning (eg redness / swelling) medical advice should be sought immediately. If chemical comes into contact with the eyes wash out immediately with sterile eye wash.   If chemical is ingested wash out mouth with clean water and seek medical advice immediately. Do not induce vomiting as this may cause further damage. Do not breathe fumes of fresh NaOH solution.   Ideally experiment should take place in a fume cupboard.   If fumes are inhaled move immediately to an area of fresh air.   In case of difficulty in breathing medical advice should be sought. Risk assessment and safety equipment Burette should be filled with a funnel and should not be above shoulder height to avoid spillage. Goggles and protective clothing should be worn when using flames. Long hair should be tied back and loose clothing fastened securely when using flames.Care should be taken when assembling distillation equipment so that breakage does not occur.   Particular attention should be paid when inserting one tube into another and this should not be done in palm of hand in case of slippage and possible damage to hand. References and Bibliography Daintith, J. (ed) 1990, A concise dictionary of chemistry, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Harwood, P. Hughes, M. 2001, Acids and bases in Chemistry A2, eds. P. Harwood M. Hughes, 2nd edn, Harper Collins, London, pp. 28-53. Hunt, A. 2001, Physical Chemistry in A2 Chemistry, ed. A. Hunt, 1st edn, Hodder Stoughton, London, pp. 6-86. McNeil, K. 2004, COSHH Standard Assessment for Work in Chemistry Research Laboratories. University of Bristol Online. Available at: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/safety/chemicalhazards.htm, Accessed 8th February 2006 . The Nuffield Foundation 2003, 13th November 2003-last update, Investigating Vinegars tutorial, The Nuffield Foundation Online. Available at: http://www.chemistry-react.org/go/Tutorial/Tutorial_4948.html   Accessed, 7th February 2006.

An investigation to determine which of four alcohols is the most exothermic :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

An investigation to determine which of four alcohols is the most exothermic Prediction I predict that the most heat given out per mole burned would be by Propanol because the size of the alcohol molecules might increase with heat. Alcohols produce heat when they burn in oxygen or air. The amount of heat produced per mole of alcohol will be proportional to the amount of air present. Full combustion should generate two products only: carbon dioxide and water vapour. Hypothesis Within a molecule there are bond energies that are holding the atoms together. When the fuel combusts a chemical reaction takes place, this breaks the bonds, this requires energy, and makes new bonds this gives out energy. The energy differences between the two tell us how much energy was given out or taken in. We can show this on a graph. Alcohol particles will break their bonds when they mix with oxygen. This is known as exothermic reaction. Boiling points will be increased because energy is needed bonds can be formed and broken. Breaking bonds need less energy than is needed to form bonds - exothermic reaction. Bigger molecules use high energy to be broken. Methanol and Ethanol have differences as Methanol melts at a higher temperature and boils at a lower temperature than Ethanol. Higher alcohols which include Butanol and Propanol have a higher molecular weight and this is why Butanol is used in perfumes. Ethanol, which is sugar based, with its low freezing point, has a specific use as antifreeze for cars and other vehicles. GRAPH Tripod Matches Goggles Method: - To begin with, I choose one out of the four different alcohols. I weigh beforehand in the spirit burner. This is so I can calculate the mass which is lost in each alcohol. The spirit burner and alcohol which I am using is on a brick under a tripod. On the tripod I place a clay pipe triangle which holds a beaker containing 100ml of water. I light the spirit burner and stir the water with the thermometer constantly. When the temperature has risen to 30Â ºC, I quickly place the top back on the spirit burner. Now I re-weigh the alcohol. o find out how much alcohol has been burned I subtract the finishing mass from the starting mass. Fair Test I will try my best to keep this experiment fair. All the variables must be controlled. These are as follows - The scale reading has to be on zero before weighing the spirit burner

John Deere and Complex Parts

Strengths of the AEP: (Q1. , p. 109) – Evaluation is carried out by Deere personnel from different departments such as supply management, operations, quality engineering etc†¦ This makes the evealuation more transparent and comprehensive since the opinions of diverse personnel from different departments are taken into account – Suppliers were evaluated in five key areas, thus making the evaluation all inclusive – The use of the wavelength rating is an innovative approach to measure the supplier's focus on quality, cost etc†¦ The cost, wavelength and technical ratings are consensus composite ratings, which measures a variety of underlying aspects, rather than provide a brief overview. – Suppliers were classified into 4, making it easy to identify where each supplier stood with regard to others – The annual revision of performance level cutoffs is another strength of the AEP. Periodic revisions make sure that the ratings reflect current chan ges. The supplier performance summary provided each quarter provides suppliers with all pertinent data related to their classification – Training and recognition are only provided to suppliers with high ratings, thereby acting as an incentive to suppliers with low ratings to catch up. Weaknesses of the AEP: – The weakest category tends to skew the overall evaluation, which would work against suppliers providing consistent service with minor glitches. These glitches tend to be amplified in the rating – Training is not provided to conditional suppliers, which is counter productive. A training program for such suppliers is likely to improve performance – The delivery and quality ratings are not composite ratings. Breaking down these ratings into individual components would provide more clarity. For example, the delivery rating makes no mention of the percentage of late, early or over deliveries. Other Criteria to be included: (Chapter 3, page 66) Total cost of Ownership including cost of special handling, cost of defects, rework etc†¦ should be included in the AEP – The financial strength of the supplier should be included, possibly in the form of a credit rating – Responsiveness and flexibilty measured by responsiveness to customers, accuracy of record keeping, changes in delivery schedules, responsiveness to changing situations etc†¦ should be included Performance over the last year: (q. 2, p 109) Complex parts has not performed adequately over the last year. I say this because of the following reasons: – Certain requested price quotes had not reached Deere on time. – Suggestions for cost reduction and elimination of recurrent problems were not forthcoming – Increasing number of deliveries had to be expedited, which cost Deere – Complex parts delivery rating in the last quarter had hit a dismal 155,000- the level of a conditional supplier – Complex parts had not implemented the Deere quality plan at its new facility – Parts supplied for new product programs had not met Deere's cost targets, thus reducing profit Though Complex parts became ISO certified, internalized the Deere Quality plan elements, provided profitable suggestions through its R&D department and had been proactive in its business approach, the above shortcomings overwhelm the positive aspects. Hence, Complex parts has not performed adequately over the past year. Classification: In the absence of adequate data, it is difficult to assign a classification to Complex parts. Over the last quarter, Complex parts' delivery rating was 155,000. The quality, wavelength, technical and cost management ratings have not been provided. Complex parts' delivery rating of 155,000 would make it a ‘conditional' supplier. Therefore a conditional supplier classification is most apt, based on the latest available quarterly data Alternative courses of action (q. 3, p. 109) – The first course of action would be to intimate Complex parts of its shortcomings. Having done this, the next step would be to downgrade its classification. Complex parts should then be provided an ultimatum, failing which it would cease to exist as a supplier. The ultimatum would be to meet certain set standards over the next quarter. This course of action would be taken because of the longstanding relationship with Complex parts, which was proactive – The second and obvious course of action would be to terminate Complex parts as a supplier. Since there are 2 other suppliers who are capable of delivering the needed product, this move would make sense. However this would mean severing a relationship of ten years. – The third alternative would be to reduce the quantity sourced from Complex parts, sourcing the balance on a trial basis from either of the two capable suppliers. This move would provide an objective assessment of the new supplier as well as Complex parts. In addition Complex parts would be provided with an ultimatum, failing which it would cease to exist as a supplier. Recommendation: – Intimate Complex parts of the shortcomings. Provide a set of standards to be adhered to within the next quarter. Make it explicitly clear that any shortfalls in set standards would lead to Complex parts being terminated as a supplier. Short term implications for Deere: (Q4, p. 109) Possibilty of costs increasing due to expedited deliveries – Possibility of increased costs in new product development programs due to Complex parts' failure to meet estimated costs – Cost escalation because of a delay in receiving quotes – Possibility of a further fall in quality of Complex parts because of its not implementing the Deere quality plan at its new facility – Possibility of a frayed relationship as a result of the ultimatum – N eed to keep a continuous watch on Complex parts to make sure standards are met. – A Continuous watch would mean extra costs for Deere Long term implications: ( Chapter 4, p. 95) – Provides an opportunity for Complex parts to get back to its previous high standards – Cost reductions because of continuing with a trusted partner – Early supplier involvement would continue, thereby profiting both. – Value engineering provided by Complex parts through its R team would reduce cost and improve quality – The proactive approach of Complex parts would reduce new product development time – Change management would be easily implemented – Alliance development would be initiated

When to Capitalize Words for Compass Points

When to Capitalize Words for Compass Points When to Capitalize Words for Compass Points When to Capitalize Words for Compass Points By Mark Nichol North, south, east, west when is capitalization best? Obviously, when the directional term is part of a current or historical proper name for example, North Dakota and West Germany, respectively capitalization is nonnegotiable. But many lesser-known geographical designations aren’t as obvious. Here’s a rundown of some examples: Four of Australia’s seven states and territories Western Australia, the Northern Territory, South Australia, and New South Wales include a directional term, but only the latter may seem unequivocally correct. If you’re referring in writing to the western half of Australia (Western Australia, by contrast, constitutes only about one-third of the nation’s land area), say so; to refer simply to â€Å"western Australia† in that context might invite an erroneous correction. Corresponding terms do not necessarily refer to equivalent entities: North Africa is a region comprising numerous countries, while South Africa is a smaller area consisting of the eponymous nation. Some unofficial divisions have a virtual force of law based on cultural factors; one such example is the concept of Northern California and Southern California, which to many people in the Golden State at least might as well be two distinct jurisdictions. The distinction is complicated by the notion of Central California, and few people, including Californians, seem to be aware that there’s also an area called Eastern California (hidden from the rest of the state by the north-south mountain range known as the Sierra Nevada and culturally aligned with the neighboring state of Nevada). However, â€Å"Western California† is not part of the local lexicon, because the coastal areas and the middle of the state on a north-south axis are the â€Å"default† California. Various parts of Texas have the same type of distinction, though, as with their Californian counterparts, the dividing lines are nebulous. The largest state in the Lower 48 (that’s an unofficial but canonical designation itself) consists of six areas, including West Texas and three other corresponding regions so capitalized, plus Central Texas and the Texas Panhandle (which, counterintuitively, is north of North Texas). In the United States, regions are often named at least in part for their relative direction: There’s the Southwest, the South (which is actually the southeastern part of the country, but it was named when the territory of the United States extended only halfway across the North American continent), the Pacific Northwest, and so on. (There is no North, however, except in reference to Union during the Civil War.) These are not governed entities, but they are official designations. However, they should be capitalized only in such contexts; names of compass points in sentences such as â€Å"I drove southeast for several hours† or â€Å"Have you been to any of the southwestern states?† are not capitalized. Directional terms in culturally significant phrases such as â€Å"the Wild West† and â€Å"the Old West† are capitalized, as they are in names of districts and parts of cities: Chicago’s South Side, London’s West End, and the Middle East’s West Bank. Sometimes, a directional term preceding a city name refers to a separate, smaller jurisdiction, such as East Los Angeles; West Los Angeles, meanwhile, is a district of Los Angeles proper. The world’s two major oceans, the Atlantic and the Pacific, have no dotted lines marking their exact boundaries, but there are conventions about their extent, and divisional descriptions such as â€Å"North Atlantic† and â€Å"South Pacific† are official. When in doubt, look it up, taking care to be sensitive to cultural and regional nuances. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs EnquireThe Many Forms of the Verb TO BEOne "L" or Two?

Air cond compressor lab report Essay Example

Air cond compressor lab report Essay Example Air cond compressor lab report Paper Air cond compressor lab report Paper If you e an accident at the other side of the workshop you can use the emergency stop button to turn off all electrical power to machines. 4. Always wear an apron as it will protect your clothes and hold loose clothing such as ties in place. 5. Wear good strong shoes. Training shoes are not suitable. 6. When attempting practical work all stools should be put away. 7. Bags should not be brought into a workshop as people can trip over them. 8. When learning how to use a machine, listen very carefully to all the instructions given by the teacher. Ask questions, especially if you do not fully understand. . Do not use a machine if you have not been shown how to operate it safely by the teacher. 10. Always be patient, never rush in the workshop. 11. Always use a guard when working on a machine. 12. Keep hands away from moving/rotating machinery. 13. Use hand tools carefully, keeping both hands behind the cutting edge. 14. Report any damage to machines/equipment as this could cause an accident. 5. 0 Theory Today almost all cars, including small family hatch backs come with air conditioning as standard. Yet, the majority of us hardly have an understanding, or even care how it works That is until the first hot day of the summer comes around and we find ourselves starring under the bonnet in a bewilderment wondering why it is not working and the car is no longer a cool place to be. Just may be, if we had an understanding or had given some thought to what goes on amongst all the other oily bits, which we take care to have serviced at regular intervals we could possibly have avoided the now unfamiliar experience of being hot and uncomfortable in a car on the drive home. Basic Working Principles of a Vehicle Air Conditioning System What we will attempt is to describe, in laymans terms is how the air condition system on a vehicle works and what happens when we press the A/C button on the vehicles dashboard. You know that Starry Patterned one! The basic working principle of all cooling systems, be it the domestic freezer, the Air Conditioning system in our office or the one fitted to our vehicle is the same. The fundamental processes at work are four basic principles in physics, which we all have probably experienced in everyday life Compression, Expansion, Evaporation and Condensation. Compression When you pump up a bicycle tare, the body of the pump where the air is compressed above the pressure inside the tare, causing the transfer of air into the tare gets hot. As the tare inflates and more effort is needed to compress the air to an ever higher pressure the pump gets even hotter. The tare also becomes heated by the now hot gases entering through the valve. Expansion When you discharge an aerosol can the body of the can gets cooler because of the reduced pressure inside the can as the liquid contents are expelled turning to gas. Evaporation The old sailors trick to find the wind direction by wetting a finger and feeling which side is chilled by the passing flow of air. Condensation Whenever warm wet air touches a cold surface such as the outside surface of a glass of ice cold beer heat is from the air and transferred to the cold surface reducing its temperature turning the water vapor back to liquid droplets of water. The air conditioning system in our vehicle has specific components that employ the above physical processes in order to reduce the temperature of the air circulating in the vehicle cabin. In addition to cooling the air the Air Conditioning system have the added benefit of removing excess moisture from the air entering the cabin reducing the amount of condensation that forms on the inside of the cars windows, improving visibility for the driver. Working Components of a Vehicle Air Conditioning System Let us now go to the workings of an automobile air conditioner and how the above principles are applied. We will take it component by component. Compressor: This is the heart of the air conditioning system. The compressor similar in size to the vehicles electrical alternator can usually be identified as he component sited low down in the engine bay driven by the engine belts via a pulley and connected to the rest of the air conditioning system by two reinforced hoses. When you turn on the air conditioner in your car an electrical circuit operates a clutch in the compressors pulley causing the compressor to start pumping refrigerant gas into the rest of the system under extremely high pressure. By increasing the pressure the refrigerant gas leaving the compressor becomes hot. Condenser: The condenser can be identified as a second radiator that shares the air flow with the main engine coolant radiator. Usually the condenser will have its own electric cooling fan/s that become/s active when the air conditioning system is switched on. The condenser takes the heated high pressure refrigerant gas from the compressor and cools it. Condensing the refrigerant gas into a liquid releases heat in the process. This heat is expelled into the atmosphere by the air flowing through the condenser. Receiver or Dryer: This can be identified as a small reservoir or canister sitting in in-line with the outlet hose from the condenser. Here any moisture that has contaminated the refrigerant is captured. If moisture or other contaminants are allowed to circulate it can damage the air conditioning system and ice crystals being formed can cause blockages. Expansion Valve: The refrigerant next flows into the expansion valve where the pressure is reduced causing the liquid to revert back to a gas which causes rapid cooling of the refrigerant vapor. Often on humid days ice can be seen forming on the pipe work immediately after the Expansion valve. Evaporator: This component is rarely seen, other than by service engineers as it is buried deep under the dashboard of the vehicle and shares the space occupied by the cabin heating system. Here the highly cooled refrigerant vapor absorbs the heat from the air inside the car by pushing the air from either the outside or re-circulated air from inside the cabin across the outside of the now super chilled evaporator circulating cold air inside the vehicles cabin.. Why do air condition systems stop working. Other than physical damage to the system caused by a accident or road debris holing the Condenser the most common cause of failure is a loss of refrigerant due to natural leakage. Due to the set-up of a vehicle air conditioning system there has to flexible pulsing between the components mounted on the body of the vehicle and the Compressor which is typical mounted on, and driven directly by the engine which itself is mounted on the vehicles chassis on flexible mounts. In addition, these connections and flexible couplings have serviceable joints enabling components to be replaced during the vehicles life. Because of this Vehicle Air Conditioning systems will tend to lose refrigerant over time as refrigerant permeates through the physical joints between components. In normal working conditions all automotive air conditioning systems will lose bout 10% to 15% of refrigerant each year which is considered natural leakage. Environmental conditions and the how the vehicle operates can increase the amount of refrigerant leakage. Letting the system run low on refrigerant and consequently the compressor lubricating oil that is suspended in the gas can lead to increased wear and premature component failure. Having an unserviceable Air Condition system can destroy the resale value of your vehicle Air Conditioning systems that are left unserviceable for extended periods will begin to absorb moisture and other contaminants from the outside atmosphere which will, over time further degrade the seals and other components. Once this happens the repair costs will often exceed the total resale value of the vehicle. Conclusions Having now read and hopefully understood the basic principles the next time the vehicle is due for a service you will also consider having the your vehicles air conditioning system serviced. Done properly by a specialist a full standard service which doesnt involve changing any of the components usually takes about and hour and will usually cost less then EWE. 00 Services that involve the periodic changing of the receiver rye will take a little longer and cost more. The only other serviceable component, which is often ignored is the cabin filter which is there to remove dust and pollen from the air entering the cabin, this should be change at the time of the vehicles standard engine service. Failure to change the cabin filter at regular intervals will lead to unpleasant smells entering the cabin when the system is first switched on. This is caused by bacterial growth on the moist surfaces of the filter and can be quite harmful to passengers already suffering with bronchial complaints. 6. Procedure 1 . Prepare the tools that are necessary 2. Wear all the safety equipment needed for the of work that need to be done 3. Prepare the air compressor that needed to be service. 4. Open the high side and low side cower part using spanner. Open all 6 bolt screw to detach the cover. 5. Next detach the pulley open 6. Take out the spiral ram 7. Clean all impurities, lubricate necessary parts, replace the casket and the last fix back all the parts back together. 7. 0 Result data 8. 0 Discussion From doing this practical task I notice that there are some major problem that occur when the dismantle process is being down such large amount of forces needed to be apply to integument a bolt or screw and also the part does not dismantle easily such as got stuck or stick tightly. This problem occur as an effect from not doing the maintenance process properly or even does not do that at all. This is why those problems properly occur basically. Other than that I found that the equipment is in a dirty condition so it must be clean properly before it was restore back in order or in duty. 9. 0 Conclusion From doing this practical task we had learn all the safety procedure and equipment and also the law in a workshop.

Human Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human Communication - Essay Example However, as time passed, we human beings learned and developed language and speech to convey our thoughts and feelings with one another. We use communication to understand each other and maintain our social relationship with family, friends, society, and the rest of the world. We communicate to know what is happening around us. We interact and build connections with our fellow human beings to develop the world and our civilization. So how does human communication happen? Let me simplify it this way. Humans communicate by transmitting messages to one another – from sender to receiver. Intrapersonal communication refers to the process of communication that occurs in the mind of a person while interpersonal communication is the process of conveying one’s thoughts, ideas, and feelings in the form of speech toward another person or groups of people. The communication process is more like what we are doing now. I am sending the information, while you receive the message. Howe ver, one must also note that alien communication uses another form of communication called telepathy. In telepathic communication, aliens transfer their own thoughts to another being without the use of normal sensory channels. In this process, an alien sender can transfer his thoughts to another receiver using only the mind. ... Language, being a communication tool, consists of shared symbols, sounds, and gestures that is understandable to a group or community. You see, in our world, we do not share a common language with everybody. This is because we come from different social, ethnic, and religious backgrounds which make up the differences in cultures around the world. Interestingly, the earth is made up of 1,500 different cultures as identified in the Encyclopedia of World Cultures. We use the term intercultural communication in reference to the interaction between people of different cultural backgrounds. Cultural differences around the world do not only arise because we are made up of national states –for instance, we refer to Chinese culture in the country of China. We may also speak of other cultural groups that are distinguishable over a longer period of time such as male culture, teenage culture or working class culture. According the communication scholar Jens Alwood, the cultural difference s between groups of these types are often just as great as or even greater than those that exist between national cultures. The importance of intercultural communication has been greatly recognized because we have become increasingly globalized due to the unprecedented advancement of our technology, transportation, and communication. As such, acquiring intercultural communication skills is important to avoid misunderstanding and mistakes when dealing with people from other cultural groups. To deal with our differences, communication scholars have categorized an individual’s intercultural communicative competence based on knowledge, motivation, and skills.

Unemployment Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Unemployment - Article Example otential and actual output, this article refers to the calculations presented by Lewis Alexander of Nomura Securities by using labor market indicators. According to these reports, the employed people represented 63 percent of population in 2007, as compared to 59 percent for 2009 population. The author thus justifies that the actual unemployment rate, as related to the actual output, is almost 1.1 percent higher than the given figure of 5.5 percent. The article emphasizes the fact that many people in the country have stopped looking for jobs, which is falsely reflected through the decline of employment rate. Therefore, the author suggests that it is important to persuade such long-term jobless people to hunt actively for jobs. In this direction, the article refers to the recent call from President Obama to many corporate entities for encouraging such employment seekers. (Closing the Gap 2014) I do not agree with the author, as I believe that job is the necessity for every responsible householder. Any person needing a job cannot afford to give up the efforts for looking at fresh employment opportunities until he or she gets the desired job. Further, the population figures relating to employed percentage is not the correct representative of employment growth, as increase in population can be mainly due to increase in young adults, who are not old enough to seek any job. Closing the Gap (2014). â€Å"America’s labor market has suffered permanent harm.† Retrieved on Dec. 15, 2014, from: